ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA WITH THE INDEPENDENT SOUTH SUDAN

The subject of the paper is economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and South Sudan during the first decade of independence of the African state. The introduction discusses the methodological assumptions of the paper. The first section is devoted to discussing cooperation between countries in the in the oil sector. This is the main area of economic cooperation between states and the oil is the dominant commodity for trade. Its extraction and import by China are systematically hindered due to internal and external conflicts of South Sudan. The second section discusses other aspects of economic cooperation between states. The principles on which economic cooperation is based on are presented. The main areas of interest of Chinese enterprises in South Sudan were outlined. The most important economic agreements concluded between countries were indicated. Development and humanitarian aid provided by China to South Sudan were discussed. The possibilities and requirements necessary to deepen economic cooperation between countries were analyzed. The purpose of the paper is to discuss, analyze and asses cooperation of the People's Republic of China with independent South Sudan. The main research problem is contained in the question of how economic relations between countries are shaped and what conditions have the greatest impact on them. The main research hypothesis is that economic relations between China and South Sudan are characterized by clear asymmetry and focus on the oil sector. They are above all conditioned by a large difference in the economic potential of states and their roles in the global economic system. The possibility of strengthening and developing economic cooperation mostly depends on the stability of South Sudan.  

Full text (pdf)

1. Ali, M. A. (2018). China and The Conflict in South Sudan: Security and Engagement. „Journal of Economic, Administrative and Legal Sciences” Issue (2), Vol. 2.
2. Attree, L. (2012). China and conflict-affected states. Between principle and pragmatism. London: Saferworld.
3. Bilateral trade between China and South Sudan in 2019. (2019). Acces on the internet: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral.aspx?nvpm=1%7c156%7c%7c728%7c%7cTOTAL% 7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c%7c1%7c1%7c
4. Bodetti, A. (2019). How China Came to Dominate South Sudan’s Oil. „The Diplomat”. 11 February. Access on the internet: https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/how-china-came-todominate-south-sudans-oil/ China grants South Sudan $31.5m for development projects. (2011). 25 October. https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=40523
5. Djama, A. D. (2012). South Sudan signed an oil pipeline deal with Ethiopia and Djibouti. 3 October. Access on the internet: http://www.unfalumni.org/south-sudan-signed-an-oilpipeline-deal-with-ethiopia-and-djibouti/
6. Eberling, G. G. (2017). China's Bilateral Relations with Its Principal Oil Suppliers. London: Lexington Books.
7. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in South Sudan. (2012). Sino-South Sudan Political exchanges. 23 November. Access on the internet: http://ss.chineseembassy.org/eng/ sbgx/zjjw/
8. Gaudreau, M. (2016). Plurality in China’s South–South Cooperation: The Case of Rice Projects in Mali [w:] Cao H., Paltiel J., eds., Facing China as a New Global Superpower Domestic and International Dynamics from a Multidisciplinary Angle. Singapore: Springer.
9. Gikiri, S. N. (2017). Chinese Health Assistance (CHA) in East Africa. „IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science” Issue 1, Vol. 22, Ver. 5.
10. Hess, S., Aidoo, R. (2015). Charting the Roots of Anti- Chinese Populism in Africa. New York: Springer.
11. Hodzi, O. (2017). Strategy of ‘Parallels’: China in the South Sudanese armed conflict. Paris: Asia Centre. Access on the internet: https://centreasia.eu/en/strategy-of-parallels-china-inthe-south-sudanese-armed-conflict-2/
12. International Crisis Group. (2012). China’s New Courtship in South Sudan. Africa Report N°186. 4 April. Access on the internet: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/186-china-snew-courtship-in-south-sudan.pdf.
13. Jatmika, A. (2018). 14 Chinese Workers Killed in South Sudan. 19 October. Access on the internet: https://en.tempo.co/read/539251/14-chinese-workers-killed-in-south-sudan
14. Johanson, D. (2016). China’s Soft Power in Sudan: Increasing Activity but How Effective? [w:] Zhang, X., Wasserman, H., Mano, W., eds., China’s Media and Soft Power in Africa Promotion and Perceptions. London–New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Lanteigne, M. (2016). Chinese Foreign Policy. An introduction. Third edition. London–New York: Routledge.
16. Liangyu. (2019). South Sudan reaches deal with Chinese firm to start construction of major roads. 27 March. Access on the internet: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2019- 03/27/c_137925447.htm
17. Munene, D. (2019). Peaceful resolution required in S. Sudan. „China Daily” 30 September. Access on the internet: https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/128/150/110/ 1569824799359.html
18. Nield, R. (2013). Sudan-South Sudan oil deal has its limits. 17 April. Access on the internet: https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/17/sudan-south-sudan-oil-deal-has-its-limits/
19. Nyabiage, J. (2019). Why China is hoping for a peace dividend in South Sudan. „South China Morning Post” 5 October. Access on the internet: https://www.scmp.com/news/ china/diplomacy/article/3031640/why-china-hoping-peace-dividend-south-sudan
20. Okech, F. (2019). China Gets a Sixth of South Sudan Oil Output to Build Highways. 5 April. Access on the internet: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-05/china-getsa-sixth-of-south-sudan-oil-output-to-build-highways 
21. Shaw, T. M. (2016). African Agency Post-2015: The Roles of Regional Powers and Developmental States in Regional Integration [w:] Levine, D.H., Nagar D., ed., Region-Building in Africa Political and Economic Challenges. Cape Town: Palgrave Macmillan.
22. South Sudan Trade Balance. (2017). Access on the internet: https://oec.world/en/profile/ country/ssd/
23. Wani D. C. (2018). China-South Sudan Relations: From Margin to the Spotlight. „Modern Diplomacy” 2 October. Access on the internet: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/10/02/ china-south-sudan-relations-from-margin-to-the-spotlight/
24. Wenting, M. (2019). Chinese peace: Untold stories on the ground in South Sudan. „China Daily” 6 October. Access on the internet: https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/06/ WS5d99566da310cf3e3556ee1b.html
25. Wu, F., Zhang, H. (2017). Introduction: A rising China and the future of world resources [w:] Wu, F., Zhang, H., eds., China’s Global Quest for Resources. Energy, food and water. London–New York: Routledge.
26. Yinglun, S. (2019). China provides emergency assistance to flood-hit South Sudanese. 4 December. Access on the internet: https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/chinaprovides-emergency-assistance-flood-hit-south-sudanese
27. Xinhua (2010). South Sudan takes action against oil pollution. 5 February. Access on the internet: http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2020-02/05/content_75676510.htm
28. Xinhua, yan (2019). Ties with China important for South Sudan development: experts. 26 October. Access on the internet: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/26/ c_138505680.htm
29. Zhao, H. (2017). China’s Energy Quest in Southeast Asia: ‘Mercantilist Rise’ debated [w:] Wu, F., Zhang, H., eds.., China’s Global Quest for Resources. Energy, food and water. London– –New York: Routledge.
30. Zweig, D. (2016). Modelling ‘resource diplomacy’ under hegemony: the triangular nature of Sino-US energy relations [w:] Hao, Y., Zweig, D., eds., Sino–US Energy Triangles. Resource diplomacy under hegemony. London–New York: Routledge.